Sounds like this Google exec just fell off the turnip truck.
As you said, there are two distinct classes of ccTLDs: 1) country-specific closed and 2) generic worldwide open. and Google already accounts for these differences in how search displays results. To even suggest that in 2024 using an AI domain would limit Google results to Antigua (or .CO to Columbia or .TV to Tuvalu) is to announce you're a total idiot to the world.
This Gary Illyes guy seems to have absolutely no clue how TLDs work on Google and is just blithering for a soundbyte to promote Google search.